La Educación de Elite

Ya hace décadas que se miden muchos eventos sociales que anteriormente se consideraban no medibles. Así por ejemplo desde los años sesenta hay modelos sobre comportamiento social que a través de modelos en la computadora pueden predecir numéricamente comportamientos sociales que anteriormente se creía imposible de lograr. Entre otros logros en cuantificar el comportamiento esta muy específicamente la elección del Presidente Kennedy. Basado en modelos en computadoras fue pronosticada a través de unas relaciones bien numéricas. Evidentemente también se aplica a la medición numérica a la educación. Esto ha sido bien aceptado porque hoy en día muchas de las instituciones de educación superior en su pagina el la Web anuncian su posición destacada en uno u otro de los servicios que periódicamente elaboran numéricamente el posicionamiento de las instituciones. Como en todo listado numérico hay un primero y secuenciación de seguidores y finalmente hay un último. Hoy en día incluso este ranking ya no solo se utiliza para el ofrecimiento entero de la entidad, sino que se subdivide de acuerdo a áreas de conocimientos. En esta subdivisión ciertamente puede haber desacuerdos, si una disciplina debe de estar en una u otra área. Ejemplo: biología genética – es medicina o es ciencias biológicas.
En general, se considera que hay 5 grandes áreas del conocimiento en las universidades: Ciencias, Ingeniería, Sociales, Medicina y Vida/ Biológicas. Es asombroso que solamente dos entidades destacan a nivel mundial en todas las 5 áreas entra las 20 mejores del mundo. Las que son destacadas en 4 las áreas entra las 20 mejores del mundo, hablamos solo de 4 de entidades. De tres áreas el numero no se va incrementando -5- las que tienen un área destacada a nivel de las 20 mejores mundiales. Las que tienen 2 áreas sobresalientes son 15 entre las 20 mundiales de elite. Y son 9 las universidades ente las 20 mas destacadas, que tienen 1 área de excelencia.
Ven abajo las estadísticas correspondientes.
Para esta presentación he seleccionado las entidades destacadas a nivel mundial en el área de la ingeniería, hasta la universidad numero 51. El rango lo determina la ponderación que se le da a los diferentes factores que se consideran los elementos que componen lo que es la excelencia. Esto puede ser el número de publicaciones de los profesores de la entidad, los títulos académicos que poseen, específicamente el % de doctorados de la facultad y el éxito que tienen en lograr fondos para proyectos de investigaciones. Abajo están los detalles de estos criterios.
Ciertamente con ponderación diferente de los factor, el orden puede alterarse- de 5 pasar a 3. También de año a año pueden cambiar los factores: menos publicaciones y más dinero para proyectos de investigación. Pero eso no posiciona una entidad de la posición 50 a la posición 3.
Estados Unidos domina la educación superior, ya que tiene el 80% de las 20 instituciones de elite. Le sigue el Reini unido con 11 y todas las otras solo tiene 3 -Japón- o menos.
Toma muchos años de excelencia académica para lograr grandes saltos. Y sin un plan de desarrollo académico es muy optimista esperar por un milagro que suceda por el simple hecho de que transcurra del tiempo. Si hay globalización, es en esta área donde es más pronunciada.
Los europeos se han dado cuenta de ello y establecieron el plan Pisa que aplica a los 27 países de la Unión Europea. Tiene varios aspectos. Pero quizás el más interesante es que un estudiante de cualquier universidad puede ir a estudiar por un ciclo académico en otra- en su país o en otro dentro de la U E – y las clases y los créditos aprobados en la institución visitada deben de ser reconocidos por la institución de origen.
También ha llevado a la creación de instituciones de elite, que reciben mayor apoyo en sus áreas destacadas que le apoyo estatal que obtienen otras entidades. Pero eso se gestiona a nivel de las 27 naciones de la U E. En Gran Bretaña, tanto Cambridge como Oxford- las instituciones con gran prestigio – se quejan que este esquema no se aplica y que prevalece la democracia: todos por igual. Evidente que esto no conduce a resultados de excelencia en todas las entidades. Hay por ello un mal uso de los escasos recursos. Como ya dijo Lincoln: a un hombre pequeño no se le hace grande simplemente por tratar de hacer al hombre grande más pequeño.
Fomentar excelencia no es democrático. Pero al correr de los años beneficiar a un gran numero de personas al lograr mejoras y adelantos.
Ser presidente tampoco es democrático: él es el que manda. Lo que debe ser democrático es el comino que se requiere recorrer para llegar a la presidencia.
Ejemplos de otras comparaciones:
Salud:
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/california/san-diego

Health Outcomes Rankings en California:
Rank Mortality Rank Morbidity
1 Marin
1 Colusa

2 Santa Clara
2 San Benito

3 San Mateo
3 Marin

4 Orange
4 Amador

5 San Benito
5 Placer

6 Santa Cruz
6 El Dorado

7 Placer
7 Santa Cruz

8 Sonoma
8 Glenn

9 Ventura
9 Nevada

10 Colusa
10 Mendocino

11 Monterey
11 Orange

12 Contra Costa
12 Yolo

13 Santa Barbara
13 Tuolumne

14 San Luis Obispo
14 Calaveras

15 San Diego
15 San Mateo


Health Factors Rankings
Rank Health Behaviors Rank Clinical Care Rank Social & Economic Factors Rank Physical Environment
1 Santa Clara
1 Marin
1 Marin
1 Contra Costa

2 Santa Cruz
2 Inyo
2 Placer
2 Lake

3 Marin
3 Yolo
3 Santa Clara
3 Mono

4 Placer
4 Placer
4 Nevada
4 Plumas

5 San Benito
5 San Francisco
5 San Mateo
5 San Benito

6 Napa
6 Sonoma
6 El Dorado
6 Lassen

7 San Mateo
7 San Luis Obispo
7 San Luis Obispo
7 San Mateo

8 Nevada
8 Siskiyou
8 Orange
8 Imperial

9 Orange
9 San Mateo
9 Ventura
9 Solano

10 San Francisco
10 Santa Clara
10 Napa
10 Siskiyou

11 San Luis Obispo
11 El Dorado
11 Sonoma
11 Placer

12 Alameda
12 Amador
12 Contra Costa
12 Alameda

13 El Dorado
13 Humboldt
13 Calaveras
13 Sutter

14 Sonoma
14 Contra Costa
14 Santa Cruz
14 Mendocino

15 Monterey
15 Nevada
15 San Diego
15 Monterey


2010 County Health Ranking California Data

Health Outcomes Health Factors
FIPS State County Z-Score Rank Z-Score Rank
06000 California
06001 California Alameda -0,26 23 -0,32 15
06003 California Alpine 999 999
06005 California Amador -0,45 18 -0,16 22
06007 California Butte 0,26 35 0,13 33
06009 California Calaveras -0,30 22 -0,15 23
06011 California Colusa -1,05 3 0,47 46
06013 California Contra Costa -0,37 19 -0,46 13
06015 California Del Norte 1,30 56 0,27 38
06017 California El Dorado -0,65 10 -0,60 6
06019 California Fresno 0,42 41 0,76 53
06021 California Glenn 0,15 30 0,35 41
06023 California Humboldt 0,46 42 -0,11 26
06025 California Imperial 0,37 39 0,92 54
06027 California Inyo 0,86 50 -0,20 20
06029 California Kern 0,97 51 0,94 55
06031 California Kings 0,17 31 0,45 45
06033 California Lake 1,19 54 0,38 42
06035 California Lassen 0,49 44 -0,10 27
06037 California Los Angeles 0,02 26 0,42 44
06039 California Madera 0,58 48 0,53 47
06041 California Marin -1,39 1 -1,11 1
06043 California Mariposa 0,23 34 -0,14 24
06045 California Mendocino 0,22 33 -0,14 25
06047 California Merced 0,40 40 0,60 49
06049 California Modoc 0,58 47 0,23 36
06051 California Mono 0,28 36 -0,24 18
06053 California Monterey -0,47 16 -0,04 29
06055 California Napa -0,57 13 -0,51 10
06057 California Nevada -0,52 14 -0,74 5
06059 California Orange -0,94 7 -0,54 9
06061 California Placer -0,96 6 -0,93 2
06063 California Plumas -0,23 25 0,07 31
06065 California Riverside 0,07 27 0,35 40
06067 California Sacramento 0,20 32 0,15 34
06069 California San Benito -1,21 2 -0,18 21
06071 California San Bernardino 0,51 45 0,62 50
06073 California San Diego -0,49 15 -0,23 19
06075 California San Francisco -0,23 24 -0,48 12


Academic Ranking of World Universities

The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) is first published in June 2003 by the Center for World-Class Universities and the Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, and then updated on an annual basis. ARWU uses six objective indicators to rank world universities, including the number of alumni and staff winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals, number of highly cited researchers selected by Thomson Scientific, number of articles published in journals of Nature and Science, number of articles indexed in Science Citation Index - Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index, and per capita performance with respect to the size of an institution. More than 1000 universities are actually ranked by ARWU every year and the best 500 are published on the web.
http://www.arwu.org/
Statistics by Institution and the 5 Fields of relevance:
for the 20 top as well as the 100 top institutions
Institution* Country Number of Fields in Top20 Number of Fields in Top 100
Stanford University
5 5
University of Cambridge
5 5
Columbia University
4 5
Harvard University
4 5
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
4 5
University of California, Berkeley
4 5
University of Oxford
4 5
Cornell University
3 5
University of California, Los Angeles
3 5
University of California, San Diego
3 5
University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
3 5
University of Wisconsin - Madison
3 5
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
2 5
University of Pennsylvania
2 5
University of Washington
2 5
California Institute of Technology
2 4
Princeton University
2 4
The Johns Hopkins University
2 4
University College London
2 4
University of Chicago
2 4
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2 4
Yale University
2 4
Carnegie Mellon University
2 3
The University of Texas at Austin
2 3
University of California, Santa Barbara
2 3
University of Maryland, College Park
2 3
Karolinska Institute
2 2
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
2 2
University of California, San Francisco
2 2
Duke University
1 5
Northwestern University
1 5
University of Southern California
1 5
University of Toronto
1 5
Kyoto University
1 4
New York University
1 4
Pennsylvania State University - University Park
1 4
Purdue University - West Lafayette
1 4
The University of Tokyo
1 4


Statistics by Region
http://www.arwu.org/ARWUFieldStatistics2009.jsp
Top 20

Region SCI ENG LIFE MED SOC
Americas 14 17 16 16 18
Europe 4 2 4 4 2
Asia/Pacific 2 1 0 0 0
Total 20 20 20 20 20
Top 100

Region SCI ENG LIFE MED SOC
Americas 56 48 63 61 78
Europe 31 23 30 32 18
Asia/Pacific 14 29 7 7 4
Total 101 100 100 100 100



Statistics by Country
Top 20

Country SCI ENG LIFE MED SOC Subtotal
United States 14 16 16 16 18 80
United Kingdom 2 1 3 3 2 11
Japan 2 1 — — — 3
Switzerland 1 1 — — — 2
Sweden — — 1 1 — 2
Canada — 1 — — — 1
France 1 — — — — 1
Germany — — — — — —



Top 100

Country SCI ENG LIFE MED SOC Subtotal
United States 54 43 58 55 70 280
United Kingdom 8 8 10 11 11 48
Japan 6 5 3 2 — 16
Switzerland 3 2 4 2 — 11
Sweden 2 3 2 2 — 9
Canada 2 5 5 5 8 25
France 6 2 1 2 — 11
Germany 7 1 6 5 — 19
China 1 11 — 1 1 14
Netherlands 1 3 2 4 4 14
Australia 1 3 4 3 1 12
Israel 4 3 — — 2 9
Belgium — 2 3 2 1 8
Denmark 2 1 1 1 1 6
Singapore 1 2 — 1 — 4
South Korea 1 3 — — — 4
Italy 1 1 — 1 — 3
Finland — — 1 1 — 2
India — 2 — — — 2
Brazil — — — 1 — 1
Norway — — — — 1 1
Russia 1 — — — — 1
Spain — — — 1 — 1



Academic Ranking of World Universities
in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences – 2009
http://www.arwu.org/FieldENG2009.jsp
Methodology | Statistics
World Rank Institution* Country Score on HiCi Score on PUB Score on TOP Score on Fund Total Score
1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)


99 78 94 98 100.0
2
Stanford University


100 65 97 79 92.5
3
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign


63 73 89 91 85.8
4
University of California, Berkeley


77 71 90 70 83.6
5
Carnegie Mellon University


53 55 90 100 81.1
6
University of Michigan - Ann Arbor


61 69 90 77 81.0
7
The University of Texas at Austin


73 63 86 71 79.8
8
Georgia Institute of Technology


35 81 86 91 79.7
9
University of California, San Diego


68 58 90 75 78.9
10
Pennsylvania State University - University Park


69 68 84 70 78.8
11
University of Southern California


60 51 91 83 77.4
12
California Institute of Technology


73 53 97 57 75.9
13
University of California, Santa Barbara


80 48 100 50 75.6
14
University of Maryland, College Park


56 60 82 79 75.3
15
1ª not in U S A
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne


55 62 87 73.8
15
University of Cambridge


55 63 86 73.8
17
Purdue University - West Lafayette


51 69 81 71 73.7
18
Cornell University


56 50 93 70 73.3
19
University of Toronto


61 65 84 51 71.2
20
Tohoku University


47 85 64 70.7
21
National University of Singapore


20 85 89 70.4
22
Northwestern University


66 52 93 48 70.2
22
The Ohio State University - Columbus


49 58 86 67 70.2
24
University of Florida


43 60 88 66 69.8
25
University of Wisconsin - Madison


49 56 83 67 69.1
26
Kyoto University


35 76 80 69.0
26
Princeton University


69 46 93 46 69.0
26
University of California, Los Angeles


45 55 94 60 69.0
26
University of Washington


53 52 88 61 69.0
30
The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine


40 68 82 68.7
31
Texas A&M University - College Station


20 67 76 90 68.6
32
The University of Manchester


45 64 79 68.0
33
Tokyo Institute of Technology


40 73 74 67.9
34
North Carolina State University - Raleigh


51 55 79 65 67.8
35
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities


51 54 90 54 67.4
36
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology


35 57 91 66.3
37
National Cheng Kung University


14 82 84 65.3
38
Harvard University


55 47 99 38 64.9
38
University of Pennsylvania


49 41 97 51 64.9
40
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology


35 58 85 64.4
41
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich


20 66 91 63.9
42
University of California, Irvine


49 44 89 52 63.6
43
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University


35 59 79 60 63.3
44
Tsinghua University


0 100 75 63.2
45
National Chiao Tung University


20 68 86 63.0
46
University of Oxford


40 50 83 62.8
47
University of California, Davis


40 54 87 50 62.7
48
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick


47 42 84 62.4
49
McGill University


37 53 81 61.9
50
University of Massachusetts Amherst


56 39 93 40 61.8
51-77
Arizona State University - Tempe


28 50 87 45
51-77
Catholic University of Leuven


20 56 85
51-77
Chalmers University of Technology


28 49 82




Ranking Methodology
Selection of Universities| Definition of Broad Subject Fields | Ranking Criteria and Weights
Definition of Indicators | Data Sources
Selection of Universities
The ranking list for ARWU - FIELD includes every institution that has any Nobel Laureates, Fields Medals, and Highly-Cited Researchers. In addition, major universities of every country with significant amount of articles indexed by Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) are also included. In total, more than one thousand institutions have been actually ranked in each broad subject field.
Definition of Broad Subject Fields
Institutions are ranked by five broad subject fields, including Natural Sciences and Mathematics (SCI), Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences (ENG), Life and Agriculture Sciences (LIFE), Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy (MED), and Social Sciences (SOC). Arts and humanities are not ranked because of the technical difficulties in finding internationally comparable indicators with reliable data. Psychology/Psychiatry is not included in the ranking because of its multi-disciplinary characteristics.
Ranking Criteria and Weights
Similar to ARWU, institutions are ranked according to their academic or research performance in each broad subject field. Ranking indicators include alumni and staff winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals, Highly Cited Researchers, articles indexed in Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). Two new indicators were introduced, one is the percentage of articles published in the top 20% journals of each field, and the other is the engineering research expenditure.
For each indicator, the highest scoring institution is assigned a score of 100, and other institutions are calculated as a percentage of the top score. The distribution of data for each indicator is examined for any significant distorting effect and standard statistical techniques are used to adjust the indicator if necessary.
Scores for each indicator are weighted to arrive at a final overall score for an institution. The highest scoring institution is assigned a total score of 100, and other institutions are calculated as a percentage of the top total score. The scores are then placed in descending order.
Indicators and Weights for ARWU - FIELD

Code Weight SCI ENG LIFE MED SOC
Alumni 10% Alumni of an institution winning Fields Medals in mathematics and Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physics since 1951 Not Applicable Alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine since 1951 Alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine since 1951 Alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes in Economics since 1951
Award 15% Staff of an institution winning Fields Medals and Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physics since 1961 Not Applicable Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine since 1961 Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine since 1961 Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes in Economics since 1961
HiCi 25% Highly cited researchers in 5 categories:
♦ Mathematics
♦ Physics
♦ Chemistry
♦ Geosciences
♦ Space Sciences Highly cited researchers in 3 categories:
♦Engineering
♦Computer Science
♦Materials Science Highly cited researchers in 8 categories:
♦Biology&Biochemistry
♦Molecular Biology&Genetics
♦Microbiology
♦Immunology
♦Neuroscience
♦Agricultural Sciences
♦Plant&Animal Science
♦Ecology/Environment Highly cited researchers in 3 categories:
♦Clinical Medicine
♦Pharmacology
♦Social Sciences,General(Partly) Highly cited researchers in 2 Categories:
♦Social Sciences,General(Partly)
♦Economics/Business
PUB 25% Papers Indexed in Science Citation Index-Expanded in SCI fields Papers Indexed in Science Citation Index- Expanded in ENG fields Papers Indexed in Science Citation Index- Expanded in LIFE fields Papers Indexed in Science Citation Index- Expanded in MED fields Papers Indexed in Social Science Citation Index in SOC fields
TOP 25% Percentage of papers published in top 20% journals of SCI fields to that in all SCI journals Percentage of papers published in top 20% journals of ENG fields to that in all ENG journals Percentage of papers published in top 20% journals of LIFE fields to that in all LIFE journals Percentage of papers published in top 20% journals of MED fields to that in all MED journals Percentage of papers published in top 20% journals of SOC fields to that in all SOC journals
Fund 25% Not Applicable Total engineering-related research expenditures Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable
Note: SCI for Natural Sciences and Mathematics, ENG for Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, LIFE for Life and Agriculture Sciences, MED for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy, SOC for Social Sciences
Definition of Indicators
Indicator Definition
Alumni indicates the total number of the alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, medicine and economics and Fields Medals in mathematics. Alumni are defined as those who obtain bachelor, Master’s or doctoral degrees from the institution. Different weights are set according to the periods of obtaining degrees. The weight is 100% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1991-2000, 80% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1981-1990, 60% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1971-1980, 40% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1961-1970, and finally 20% for alumni obtaining degrees in 1951-1960. If a person obtains more than one degrees from an institution, the institution is considered once only. Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine are used in both LIFE and MEDranking.
Award indicates the total number of the staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, medicine and economics and Fields Medals in mathematics. Staff is defined as those who work at an institution at the time of winning the prize. Different weights are set according to the periods of winning the prizes. The weight is 100% for winners in 2001-2008, 80% for winners in 1991-2000, 60% for winners in 1981-1990, 40% for winners in 1971-1980, and finally 20% for winners in 1961-1970. If a winner is affiliated with more than one institution, each institution is assigned the reciprocal of the number of institutions. For Nobel Prizes, if a prize is shared by more than one person, weights are set for winners according to their proportion of the prize. Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine are used in both LIFE and MED ranking.
HiCi indicates the number of highly cited researchers in twenty subject categories defined and provided by isihighlycited.com. These highly cited researchers are assigned to five broad subject fields. If a researcher is listed in more than one subject category, his/her weight for each category is the reciprocal of the number of categories listed. Specifically, researchers who are listed in Social Science, General Category are checked one by one, and they are reclassified into three groups according to their affiliation colleges/departments. People worked at health-related units such as medical school, school of public health and school of nursing are grouped for MED ranking, people affiliated to Psychology/Psychiatry departments are not considered for the ranking, other individuals in this category are totaled for SOC ranking.
PUB indicates the total number of papers indexed by Science Citation Index-Expanded and Social Science Citation Index in 2007 and 2008. Only publications of ‘Article’ and ‘Proceedings Paper’ types are considered. Each paper published by an institution is assigned into one of the six broad subject fields according to journals the paper was published in (Classification of Journal Categories), including above-mentioned five broad subject fields and Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Sciences. If a paper is published in a multi-assigned journal (which is assigned to more than one ISI category), it is divided into related groups.
TOP indicates the percentage of papers published in the top 20% journals of each broad subject field. Top 20% journals are defined as their impact factors in the top 20% of each ISI category according to Journal Citation Report, 2008. Papers in the top journals of each ISI category are then aggregated into the six broad subject fields and the TOP is calculated as the number of papers in the top 20% journals of a particular broad subject field to that in all journals of the field. A threshold was set for the minimum number of papers in each broad subject field for calculating TOP indicator. The threshold was defined as 10% of the average number of papers by the top three institutions in each broad subject field. If the threshold of a particular field is less than 100, then 100 is used. If the number of papers of an institution does not meet the minimum threshold, the TOP indicator is not calculated for the institution and its weight is relocated to other indicators. Only publications of ‘Article’ and ‘Proceedings Paper’ types are considered.
FUND indicates the total engineering-related research expenditures in 2008. This indicator is only used for ENG ranking. If the data for all institutions of a country cannot be obtained, the Fund indicator will not be considered for the institutions and its weight will be relocated to other indicators. For this ranking, the amounts of engineering-related research expenditures are obtained only for institutions in USA and some institutions in Canada.
Data Sources
Indicator Data Source
Nobel laureates http://nobelprize.org/

Fields Medals http://www.mathunion.org/medals/

Highly cited researchers http://www.isihighlycited.com

Journal Citation Report, 2008. http://www.isiknowledge.com

Papers indexed in Science Citation Index-Expanded and Social Science Citation Index http://www.isiknowledge.com

Others Engineering-related research expenditures by school, 2006. ASEE: Engineering College Profiles and Statistics.

http://www.arwu.org/ARWUFieldMethodology2009.jsp

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